Reza Habibipour, Gholamreza Zarrini, Shohreh Yarizadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (May-Jun 2017)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: Nanobacteria are nanometer-scale particles with different shapes, which have been a subject of debate in modern microbiology. They belong to a proposed class of living organisms, specifically cell-walled microorganisms with a size much smaller than the generally accepted lower limit for life. Since some microorganisms are able to continue growth at high temperatures, we aimed to isolate thermophilic bacteria from Gheinarcheh hot spring in Ardabil (Iran) and identify the characteristics of these microorganisms.
Methods: Microbial mats were found in cultures from Gheinarcheh hot spring in North West of Iran. Synthetic media were prepared and used for isolation of protease-producing thermophilic bacteria, and identification of the features of microbial mats. Cultures were incubated at temperature range of 60-120 oC. Scanning electron microscopy, DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction were used to further identify characteristics of the microbial biofilms.
Results: Microbial biofilms of nanoparticles were detected in our samples. Growth of the bacteria increased at all temperatures tested. Results of scanning electron microscopy showed nano-sized particles in the scale of 60 nm. No band was visible in gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction products.
Conclusion: This study is the first to report the presence of hyperthermophilic nanobacteria in Iran.
Keywords: Nanobacteria, Hyperthermophile, Microbial Mat.
Ebrahim Zarrinkalam, Ali Heidarianpour ,
Volume 11, Issue 5 (Sep - Oct 2017)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: Previous studies have shown that morphine dependence leads to myocardial dysfunction. In addition, apelin plays a protective role in cardiac function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of morphine dependence and three models of exercise training on serum apelin level of dependent and healthy rats.
Methods: Ten healthy and 40 morphine-dependent rats were used in this study. The morphine-dependent rats were divided into four equal groups of control addicts, endurance training, strength training and concurrent training. The training exercises were carried out for eight weeks, five days a week. Serum apelin level was measured by ELISA, 72 hours after the last training session.
Results: Statistical analysis demonstrated that apelin level increased significantly in morphine-dependent rats compared to healthy controls. On the other hand, endurance and concurrent training significantly increased serum apelin level in morphine-dependent rats compared to control addicts, but strength training had not effect on serum apelin level in morphine-dependent rats.
Conclusion: Endurance and concurrent training may have cardioprotective effects on morphine-dependent rats by increasing serum apelin levels. Therefore, such training activities could be recommended to morphine-dependent patients to prevent cardiac disorders.
Keywords: Apelin, Morphine, Exercise.
Hossain Torabi, Mojtaba Eizadi, Ali Jalalvand, Ebrahim Zarrinkalam,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2022)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Clinical evidence has demonstrated the important role of adiponectin in insulin signaling pathways in target tissue. The aim of this study was to determine effects of aerobic training on insulin sensitivity, glucose level, and adiponectin expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: Type 2 diabetes was induced in 14 male wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of nicotine amide and streptozotocin. The rats were randomly divided into an exercise group (n=7) and a control group (n=7). The rats in the exercise group performed aerobic training in from of treadmill running, five sessions a week, for 12 weeks. Subjects in the control group did not perform any training. Glucose level, insulin level, insulin sensitivity, and adiponectin expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue were determined at baseline and 48 hours after the lasting training session. Independent t-test was used for comparing the variables between the study groups.
Results: Aerobic training resulted in a significant increase in serum insulin (p=0.006), insulin sensitivity (p=0.003), and adiponectin expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (p=0.037) compared with the control group. In addition, the training caused a significant decrease in fasting glucose level compared with the control group (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Based on these findings, the decrease in blood glucose may be attributed to the improvement of adiponectin-dependent insulin signaling pathways in adipose tissue in response to aerobic training. However, more cellular-molecular studies are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for these changes.
Behin Omidi, Sana Zarrin, Yasaman Ghazzagh, Yasin Sarveahrabi,
Volume 20, Issue 4 (9-2026)
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most significant global health threats of the 21st century, undermining advances in modern medicine. Iran, as a geographically and demographically strategic nation, faces a severe and escalating AMR crisis. This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and systemic drivers of AMR in Iran, while outlining priorities for effective national response.
Methods: A structured review was conducted of studies published between January 2015 and November 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented by national and Persian-language databases. Eligible studies investigated the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and clinical outcomes of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Iran. Data were extracted and narratively synthesized.
Results: Iran faces an alarming burden of MDR and drug resistant (XDR) Gram negative pathogens, notably Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae, with carbapenem resistance rates exceeding 80-90%. Widespread dissemination of key carbapenemase genes (blaNDM, blaOXA-48, blaVIM) has been documented. Gram positive pathogens, including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin resistant Enterococci, also remain highly prevalent. The crisis is driven by unregulated over the antibiotic use, weak infection prevention and control measures, fragmented surveillance, and limited diagnostic capacity.
Conclusion: AMR in Iran has reached critical levels, constituting a national public health emergency. Urgent, coordinated reforms across integrated surveillance, mandatory antimicrobial stewardship, strengthened infection prevention and control, One Health integration, expanded research, and public engagement are required. Without decisive national action, Iran risks a post antibiotic era in which routine infections and medical procedures become life threatening.
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