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Abstract Background and objectives: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal disorder characterized by increased levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The FH clinical phenotype has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and premature death. The mutation in LDLR gene in most cases is responsible for FH phenotype. Furthermore, other gene mutations such as apolipoprotein B- gene may cause similar results. Preliminary research indicates that the FH phenotype is also influenced by other genetic and environmental Factors therefore, routine clinical analysis such as total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in serum, for early diagnosis and treatment, are not sufficient. Molecular diagnostic investigations, because of high specifity and sensitivity near %100, administered for determining the prevalent mutations in LDLR (and probably other genes) are needed for exact diagnosis and accurate therapy. Currently, PCR-SSCP and southern blotting techniques are among the common techniques that could detect major mutations in gene. Because of wide diversity in kinds of mutations in LDLR gene, we recommend, first, determining the proband's mutation and kinds of mutation, then, performing routine test based on type of mutation. Key words: Familial hyperlipoproteinemia, LDL-R gene molecular diagnosis, mutation, Molecular Diagnostic Method

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Abstract Background and Objective: Recently, diabetes mellitus has been known as one of the main cause of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Since a high prevalence of H. Pylori in diabetic patients has been reported, we aimed to evaluate the level of gastric juice Nitric Oxide (NO°), Oxidative Stress and Glycated Hemoglobin. Material and Methods: In case group, the participants were 60 diabetic patients infected with H. Pylori, and in control groups 60 diabetic patients without H. Pylori and 60 healthy individuals. The level of NO° in gastric juice was measured calorimetrically and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in gastric biopsy was determined using standard methods. The percentage of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) was measured by ion exchange chromatography. Results: In case group compared to controls, significantly increased level of blood HbA1C, nitric oxide in gastric juice, activity of SOD and GPX in the gastric mucosa were observed (p<0.0001). Conclusion: A significant increase of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic patients with H. Pylori and high activity of antioxidant enzymes in the case group may indicate a high production of reactive oxygen species and the presence of oxidative stress in these patients. Key Words: Diabetes Mellitus, H. Pylori Infection, Glycated Hb, Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress

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Introduction:
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the most common congenital infection worldwide, often causing long-term disabilities such as sensorineural hearing loss and developmental delays. Despite its significant public health impact, awareness of cCMV among healthcare providers in developing countries, like Iran, remains notably low.
Methods:
This study builds on prior research highlighting a significant knowledge gap about cCMV among family physicians in Iran. A re-analysis of existing data was conducted to better understand these gaps and to identify where targeted educational interventions might be most effective. The study reassessed data using 11 out of 15 questionnaire questions to evaluate awareness of CMV, categorizing participants into three levels: weak, intermediate, and adequate awareness based on their knowledge of CMV and cCMV.
Results:
Results showed that while 41.9% of participants had adequate general knowledge of CMV, only 32.8% demonstrated adequate knowledge of cCMV, with 39.4% showing weak awareness. Notably, 42.1% of general practitioners displayed a weak understanding of cCMV, underscoring the need for improved education. In contrast, specialists had a higher awareness of general CMV but showed reduced knowledge about cCMV.
Conclusions:
The study recommends the integration of comprehensive educational programs into medical curricula and continuous professional development for both general practitioners and specialists. Addressing these knowledge gaps is critical to reducing the spread of cCMV and its associated social and economic burdens, ultimately improving public health outcomes.